Chemo-typing of Three Egyptian Rosemary Oil for Their Chemical Composition and Anti-oxidant Activity

Aims:To study the chemical composition of volatile oil samples from different place in Egypt (Mansoura, Gamsa and Assuit) and study their antioxidant activity determined by DPPH assay.Study Design: Hydro distillation of volatile oil samples and theirGC/MS analysis and determination of their antioxidant activity by DPPH assay.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of pharmacy, Mansoura university, Egypt, between June 2015 and November 2017.Methodology:The essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation for 5 h using a Clevenger-type all-glass apparatus according to the standard procedure of the European pharmacopeia and volatile oils analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. GC analysis was carried out using Focus-DSQ-ӀI GC/MS instrument (Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) equipped with TR-5 fused silica column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm).Results: The yield of the essential oils of three rosemary plants growing in Mansoura (RM), Gamsa (RG) and Assiut (RA) were 0.20% v/w, 0.32% v/w and 0.24% v/w, respectively. Their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS, RM and RG were found to be α-pinene dominated chemotypes, 32.4% and 29.6%, respectively, meanwhile RA was camphor dominated chemotype (17.2%). Furthermore, their antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay. Their IC50 values of essential oils of RM, RG and RA were 8.66 ± 0.7, 8.18 ± 0.5 and 9.74 ± 0.2, respectively.Conclusion:The GC/MS spectral data revealed the considerable difference between the chemical composition of essential oil constituents of RM, RG and RA which lead to different chemotypes. The present results also demonstrate that REO obtained from different areas inEgypt exhibited free radical scavenging activity determined by DPPH assay due to the synergistic effect between their constituents.

Total protein level reduction of odontopathogens biofilms by Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extract: an analysis on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans / Redução do nível de proteína total de biofilmes de odontopatógenos por extrato de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim): uma análise sobre Candida albicans e Streptococcus mutans

Objective: The resistance of fungi and bacteria to the available antimicrobials has increased and the development of alternative products to control them has become a very requirement. The use of plant products could be a viable option due to the efficacy, viability, and availability they present. Thereby, this study evaluated the effect of R. officinalis L. extract on C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, by the total protein level analysis presented by the microorganisms. Material and Methods: For this purpose, monomicrobial biofilms were formed for 48 h and exposed to the R. officinalis L. extract for 5 min. Then, total protein quantification was performed by Lowry method. Results: The analysis showed significant total protein reduction of the biofilms after exposure to the plant extract, with 39 ± 11%, for C. albicans, and 32 ± 11%, for S. mutans. Conclusion: R. officinalis L. extract decreased the total protein level in both biofilms. Thus, C. albicans and S. mutans protein composition could be a target for action of antimicrobial agents. (AU)

Objetivo: A resistência de fungos e bactérias aos antimicrobianos disponíveis tem se elevado e o desenvolvimento de produtos alternativos para controlar micróbios tem se tornado uma necessidade real. A utilização de produtos de origem vegetal poderia ser uma opção viável, devido à eficácia, viabilidade e disponibilidade que apresentam. Sendo assim, este estudo avaliou o efeito do extrato de R. officinalis L. (alecrim) sobre biofilmes de C. albicans and S. mutans, analisando o nível de proteína total apresentada pelos micro-organismos. Material e Métodos: Para tanto, biofilmes monomicrobianos foram formados por 48 h e expostos ao extrato de R. officinalis L. por 5 min. Então, a quantificação de proteína total foi realizada por método de Lowry. Resultados: A análise demonstrou reduções significativas de proteína total de cada biofilme após exposição ao extrato, sendo 39 ± 11% no biofilme de C. albicans e 32 ± 11%, no caso de S. mutans. Conclusão: O extrato de R. officinalis L. diminuiu o nível de proteína total em ambos os biofilmes. Com isso, a composição proteica de C. albicans e S. mutans poderia ser um alvo para ação de agentes antimicrobianos. (AU)

Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and antioxidant action against gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol in the rat

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from Ros-marinus officinalis (R. officinalis) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in vivo. Methods: The antioxidant properties of the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis were evaluated against gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol. Gastric tissues were pre-pared to enzymatic assays. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxides, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured. Results: Ethanol produced severe hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach with ulcerative lesion of (140.2 ± 37.2) mm2. In animals pretreated with essential oil of R. officinalis (50 mg/kg, p.o.), a significant inhibition of mucosal injury of (21.2 ± 7.1) mm2 (84%inhibition) was observed. The essential oil of R. officinalis protected the gastric mucosa probably by modulating the activities of the enzymes (superoxide dismutase and gluta-thione peroxidase) and increasing or maintaining the levels of glutathione. In addition, lipid peroxides levels were reduced. The essential oil of R. officinalis was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and the main constituents were cineole (28.5%), camphor (27.7%) and alpha-pinene (21.3%). Conclusions: We suggest that the monoterpenes present in the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis may be among the active principles responsible for the antioxidant activity shown by essential oil of R. officinalis.

Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and antioxidant action against gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol in the rat

Objective To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis (R. officinalis) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in vivo. Methods The antioxidant properties of the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis were evaluated against gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol. Gastric tissues were prepared to enzymatic assays. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxides, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured. Results Ethanol produced severe hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach with ulcerative lesion of (140.2 ± 37.2) mm

Microbiological quality and other characteristics of refrigerated chicken meat in contact with cellulose acetate-based film incorporated with rosemary essential oil

Antimicrobial active packaging delays or inhibits microorganism growth in packed products, and it can be used in a variety of food systems. The objective of the present research was to develop packaging incorporated with natural antimicrobial agents (active film). The effects of the active film on the spoilage, pathogenic microorganism counts, pH and color of the refrigerated chicken breast cuts were analyzed. Cellulose acetate-based active films incorporating two concentrations (20% and 50%, v/w) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil were manufactured and placed in contact with the chicken breast cuts for six days. An analysis of variance and mean comparison tests (Tukey's test, p<0.05) were performed on the results. The films that contained 20% essential oil and were intercalated with chicken breast samples did not demonstrate significant effects on the control of psychrotrophic or total coliform microorganisms during the storage period; however, the films incorporated with 50% essential oil demonstrated efficacy toward the control of coliforms during the storage of the samples (6 days, 2 ± 2ºC). The pH was related to the psychrotrophic microorganism count and was not influenced by the treatment. The color was not influenced by the time of storage or the treatment. The results demonstrate that active films incorporating 50% rosemary essential oil are effective at controlling certain microorganisms in chicken breast cuts.

An electron microscopic study of the antifertility potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) in male albino rats / Estudio de microscopía electrónica del potencial antifertilidad del Romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L) en ratas macho albinas

The present work was aimed at studying the antifertility potential of the commonly used herb, rosemary in the male albino rats using electron microscopy as the method of investigation. Ethanolic extract of the rosmary prepared and administered orally in two different doses for a period of three months to the animals. At the end of the experiment animals were sacrificed and testes removed. Sections for the electrone microscopy prepared and changes were observed. The present results showed evident microscopic changes in the testis of the animals received higher dose of the drug. Most of the seminiferous tubules were compressed, having irregular basement membrane and devoid of any spermatogenic cells. The present work revealed a clear morphological evidence of the dose dependent antifertility potential of the rosemary in the male albino rats.

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el potencial anti-fertilidad de la hierba de uso común, el romero, en ratas albinas macho utilizando microscopía electrónica como método de investigación. El extracto etanólico del romero se preparó y administró por vía oral a los animales en dos dosis diferentes durante un período de tres meses. Los animales experimentales se sacrificaron y se retiraron sus testículos. Se prepararon secciones para microscopía electrónica y se observaron los cambios. Los resultados mostraron cambios microscópicos evidentes en los testículos de los animales que recibieron una dosis mayor del medicamento. La mayoría de los túbulos seminíferos se observaron comprimidos, con una membrana basal irregular y carente de células espermatogénicas. El presente trabajo revela una clara evidencia morfológica de una posible anti-fertilidad dependiente de la dosis del romero administrada en las ratas albinas macho.

Atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de sassafrás (Ocotea odorifera Vell. ) e alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ) sobre o gênero Candida / Antifungal activity of Brazilian sassafras (Ocotea odorifera Vell. ) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ) essential oils against the genus Candida

Este estudo objetivou avaliar, in vitro, a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de Ocotea odorifera (Vellozo) Rohwer (Sassafrás) e Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Alecrim) sobre cepas de Candida albicans e C. tropicalis, envolvidas com infecções da cavidade oral. Para tanto, 16 cepas de Candida de origem clínica e de referência foram utilizadas para determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), utilizando a técnica da microdiluição. Miconazol e nistatina foram utilizados como controles positivos. Observou-se discreta atividade antifúngica de ambos os óleos, com CIM de 2,5 mg mL-1 para sassafrás e CIM de 5 mg mL-1 para alecrim em 68 por cento e 81 por cento das cepas avaliadas, respectivamente. Todas as cepas de Candida mostraram-se sensíveis ao miconazol e nistatina. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que os óleos essenciais de O. odorifera Vell. e R. officinalis L. apresentam fraca atividade sobre cepas de C. albicans e C. tropicalis envolvidas em infecções da cavidade oral.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocotea odorifera Vell. (Brazilian sassafras) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) against Candida albicans and C. tropicalis strains, both involved in oral cavity infections. Thus, 16 Candida strains from clinical origin and standards were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the microdilution technique. Miconazole and nystatin were used as positive controls. A slight antifungal activity was observed for both oils, with 2.5 mg mL-1 MIC for Brazilian sassafras and 5 mg mL-1 MIC for rosemary in 68 and 81 percent strains, respectively. All Candida strains were sensitive to miconazole and nystatin. In conclusion, essential oils from O. odorifera Vell. and R. officinalis L. had weak activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains involved in oral cavity infections.

Extratos de alho e alecrim na indução de faseolina em feijoeiro e fungitoxicidade sobre Colletotrichum lindemuthianum / Garlic and rosemary extracts in the induction of phaseollin in beans and fungitoxicity on Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Extratos vegetais podem auxiliar no controle de doenças de plantas, por sua atividade antimicrobiana ou pela ativação de mecanismos de defesa. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos de alho e alecrim autoclavados e não autoclavados sobre o crescimento micelial de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, a produção de faseolina em feijoeiro e a severidade de antracnose em campo. O fungo foi incubado em meio de cultura contendo os extratos, e o crescimento foi mensurado por 18 dias. Para avaliação de faseolina, os extratos foram aplicados sobre hipocótilos de feijão, a extração foi feita em etanol e a leitura foi realizada em espectrofotômetro. A severidade da antracnose foi avaliada em plantas de feijão pulverizadas com os extratos e inoculadas com o fungo. Para o extrato de alho, a maior redução (57,6 por cento) no crescimento micelial foi com a dose de 3,0 por cento do extrato não autoclavado. Já para o extrato de alecrim, a maior redução (18,6 por cento) foi com o extrato autoclavado. A autoclavagem não teve efeito sobre a indução de faseolina. À campo, os extratos não reduziram significativamente a severidade de antracnose. O extrato de alho não autoclavado mostrou-se mais eficiente na redução do crescimento de C. lindemuthianum, enquanto que o de alecrim, autoclavado ou não, foi mais efetivo na indução de faseolina.

Plant extracts may assist in controlling plants diseases due to its antimicrobial activity and activation of defense mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of garlic and rosemary, autoclaved or non autoclaved, on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, production of phaseollin by beans and severity of anthracnose in the field. The fungus was incubated in medium containing the extracts and its growth measured for 18 days. For phaseollin evaluation the extracts were applied on bean hypocotyls, the phytoalexin extracted in ethanol and read in spectrophotometer. The severity of anthracnose was evaluated in bean plants sprayed with the extracts and inoculated with the fungus. For the garlic extract, the greater reduction (57,6 percent) in micelial growth was at 3 percent in the non autoclaved extract, as for the rosemary extract, the greater reduction (18,6 percent) was in the autoclaved extract. Autoclaving had no effect on the induction of phaseollin. At field conditions, the extracts did not reduce significantly the severity of anthracnose. The non autoclaved garlic extract showed to be more efficient in reducing the mycelial growth of C. lindemuthianum, while rosemary, autoclaved or not, proved to be more effective in the induction of phaseollin.

Estudio de la eficacia antibiótica de un extracto etanólico de Rosmarinus officinalis L. contra Staphylococcus aureus en dos modelos de infección en piel de ratón / Study of the antibiotic efficacy of an ethanolic extract from Rosmarinus officinalis against Staphylococcus aureus in two skin infection models in mice

En este trabajo evaluamos la eficiencia antibacteriana de un extracto etanólico de Rosmarinus officinalis L. que contiene altas concentraciones de polifenoles antioxidantes, en dos modelos de infección en piel de ratón: superficial y subcutáneo contra la bacteria patógena Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el extracto de romero que contiene 2,3% de polifenoles bioactivos presentó una acción bacteriostática contra S. aureus sobre la piel del ratón, mientras que ensayando una doble concentración de polifenoles bioactivos (4,6%) se observó una inhibición total del crecimiento bacteriano. En los dos modelos de infección experimentados se observaron efectos similares. Los datos obtenidos también demuestran que la eficacia antibacteriana del extracto de romero es comparable con la acción del antibiótico comercial ácido fusídico. Los resultados indican que los polifenoles bioactivos del romero, dependiendo de su concentración, pueden ejercer in vivo acciones bacteriostáticas y bactericidas contra S. aureus.

Effects of Essential Oil Fragrances and Preferences thereof on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Healthy Human Subjects / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

<i>Objective</i>: It has been reported that essential oils used in aromatherapy effect the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of essential oils on the cardiovascular system in healthy human subjects.<br> <i>Methods</i>: Rosemary essential oil, which reportedly has a vasopressor-like effect, and lavender essential oil which reportedly has a depressor-like effect, were administered to sixty subjects divided into rosemary, lavender, or control groups. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured after two-minutes of smelling. Data were compared among the three groups.<br> <i>Result</i>: Heart rate increased in the rosemary group. In addition to blood pressure and heart rate increased in subjects who expressed a negative impression from smelling a specific essential oils.<br> <i>Conclusion</i>: The results suggest that fragrance preference affects the therapeutic effects of aromatherapy.<br>

Study on in vivo antioxidant effect of TPD in Rosmarinus officinalis / 中草药

Object To investigate the in vivo antioxidant effect of the extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and its active substances. Methods The contents of MDA, the activites of SOD and GSH Px in serum, heart, liver, brain and skeleton muscle were determined in oxidative stress mouse model caused by exercise. Results It was found that in serum, liver, heart and skeleton muscle except the brain, the contents of MDA were decreased and the activities of SOD and GSH Px were increased by 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of total phenolic diterpenes (TPD) extract taken. Conclusion The results showed that R. officinalis has prominent antioxidant effect in exercise mice and the active constituents may be phenolic diterpenes.